Wireless & Flashing Overview

The keyboards documented here use several wireless architectures and flashing methods. This section helps you understand "how does wireless connect" and "how do I flash firmware", organized by architecture.

Wireless architectures

• Legacy BLE firmware: ATmega32U4 + nRF51822 module running legacy Adafruit Bluefruit LE firmware.
• DuoChord: ATmega32U4 + nRF51822 DuoChord module, five pairing slots and OTA.
• AVR + CH592: ATmega32U4 main MCU + CH592 wireless module (USB / 2.4G / BLE).
• Trichord: STM32L412 + CH592 wireless module (USB / 2.4G / BLE).
• Wired: USB only, no wireless module.

Flashing methods

• DFU: the common AVR bootloader (qmk-dfu / atmel-dfu), producing .hex firmware.
• TinyUF2: the common STM32 bootloader, producing .uf2 firmware you copy to a USB drive.

Which page should I read?

• Not sure which architecture your keyboard uses? Start with Identify Your Keyboard & PCB.
• Using a Trichord model (F60w, Manta40 rev2, Manta40 rev2 Ortho)? Read Trichord basic operations.
• Migrating from legacy BLE firmware to DuoChord? Read Legacy BLE firmware → DuoChord first migration.
• Flashing steps and entering bootloader? Read Firmware Downloads & Flashing.

Coming next

This section will add per-architecture public docs for AVR legacy BLE firmware, AVR DuoChord, AVR + CH592, Trichord, and wired DFU / TinyUF2.